Top Medical Achievement In History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 977 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example? Vaccines are considered one of the top medical achievements in history. Since 1796, when the first successful vaccine was developed against smallpox, the science field has grown to generate more successful vaccines. These vaccines have allowed common diseases from centuries ago to be eliminated. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Top Medical Achievement In History" essay for you Create order From the start of vaccines, many lives have been saved from many life-threatening diseases. Although there are many positives about vaccines, many parents still question the importance of their children being immunized. The reasons why many parents do not want their children immunized vary from religious beliefs, misconceptions they have heard about vaccines, or simply a lack of understanding about what vaccines do. The purpose of vaccines is to create a safe environment for our children and ourselves. Therefore, immunization should be required for all children because of the herd effect, which protects the community, and because vaccines are safe and efficient.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first reason why children should be immunized is to protect themselves and their community. Herd immunity is the resistance to spread of a contagious disease within a population if sufficiently high proportion of individuals is immune to the disease, especially through vaccination(Oxford English Dictionary definition). The large community group that is vaccinated can provide protection to those individuals who cannot be vaccinated or develop immunity. As a community, we can allow those who rely on herd immunity instead of their own immunity to stop the disease from attacking them.   Statistics have shown the drop of diseases since the development of vaccines. According to a research scientist Emily Willingham After the chickenpox vaccine debuted in the United States in 1995, death rates dropped by as much as 97%. In the U.S., no infants got vaccinated because its not administered to them due to age, but even then, no infants died in 2004 and 2007. The herd effect protected these children from becoming sick. How this worked was, the large portion of the population in the United States was immunized; this prevented the disease from spreading and contaging the unimmunized population. Not only does the herd effect benefit the small or large communities, but it can eventually lead to the decrease of spreading a disease nationally. If herd immunity has been established and maintained in a population for sufficient time, the disease is inevitably eliminated (Wikipedia, Eradication of Diseases). The positives of this effect are very high and provide the safety that we w ant for our children. The second reason why children should be immunized is because the vaccines that are being administered are safe and efficient. Before a vaccine is out to the public, scientists/chemists and administration run many tests to approve the safety of the vaccines. Developing a new vaccine is done through several years, beginning with six developing cycles, with one cycle having three phases. The next step after the development of a vaccine, is the approval from six different FDAs (CDC, Vaccine Testing and the Approval Process). As we can see, the process of developing and approving vaccines is a very long and efficient process in order to ensure the safety of the vaccines to the public. Even after approving and having the vaccines in public, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System tracks any side effects and analyzes the information to maintain the vaccines safety (VAERS). Many statistics have shown that immunization has been one of the most successful medical breakthroughs achieved (Ben Balding, Mandatory Vaccination). The efficiency that the CDC has statistically seen from vaccines gets very high every year. Vaccine efficiency is the percent reduction in disease incidence in a vaccinated group compared to an unvaccinated group under optimal conditions (Defined by RCT/Wikipedia). According to a study done through Pediatric Academic Society Vaccines prevent an estimate of 2.5 million deaths per year and have prevented an estimate of 10.5 million cases of diseases since 2004. Many of the cases where people have died from diseases have been from those who were unvaccinated. This information comes to show that vaccines are very efficient and effective. Some people claim that vaccines contain many chemicals that poison the body. Although part of this statement is true, many of the chemicals do not poison the body. Many vaccines before the 2000s did indeed have chemical compounds such as aluminium, thimerosal, formaldehyde, etc (Vaccine Ingredients, The Truth). These chemicals, according to the CDC, have been either eliminated or the dosage in each vaccine was changed. Furthermore, the amount of chemicals in vaccines is such a small amount that the body is able to run it through the blood almost instantly, and no harm will be caused. Most of the chemicals in vaccines are present in our daily intake of food, and are also already in our bodies for the use of our metabolism. The most damage these chemicals have caused is skin irritation or fevers. (Vaccine ingredients, Vaccine Knowledge) Another argument against vaccines is because of certain religious beliefs, the government shouldnt make vaccines mandatory. Although many people are involved in some sort of faith, it is important to set a standard when it comes to health. The CDC has proven that those with religious beliefs that practice anti-vaccination are most of the percentage of people getting diseases. Most of the time, the community with the same beliefs can cause large outbreaks and can affect the rest of the nation. They can affect others when traveling or entering a school with no vaccinations. No religious belief should have to imperil the health of their own children and those of others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, the health of society doesnt only involve one individual, but it involves an entire community. To continue having the United States be a preventable-disease-free nation, we need to continue to immunize ourselves and our children. Vaccines will help protect others from diseases through the herd immunity, and they will continue to be safe and efficient as long as we continue to use them.

John Locke Explains Economic Inequality - 844 Words

In his Second Treatise of Government, John Locke creates an argument that details how individuals attain private property and how some can end up with more property than others. He attempts to justify the resulting economic inequality, but is unsuccessful, failing to address many of the problematic issues that arise from his claim. Locke begins his explanation of private property by establishing how individuals come to possess property separate from the common resources of mankind. The defining feature of a piece of private property is labor, as the individual who performs the â€Å"labour that removes [the good] out of that common state nature left it in† makes the property his own (V. 30). According to Locke, the common resources of nature are open to all mankind, but a good becomes an individual’s own when a person performs some sort of labor on it. This stems from his idea that industry is an extension of self-ownership – people have natural rights of their own being, and extending these personal rights through work is how people come to own other things. Labor is what establishes ownership of a good, and as long as the amount of property taken is within a reasonable and modest amount, people are free to take what resources they must from the Earth. Although Locke argues in favor of the possession of private property, he emphasizes the point that it is â€Å"dishonest† for a man â€Å"to hoard up more than he could make use of† (V. 46). When people take property in excess, perishableShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke and Commercial Capitalism1697 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical philosopher John Locke ideas and theories serve as a foundation in our democratic world. In the Second Treatise of Government sovereignty is placed in the hands of the people. Locke argues that everyone is born equal and has natural rights in the state of nature. 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Savva Monologue Essay Example For Students

Savva Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Leonid Andreyev NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Savva and The Life of Man: Two Plays by Leonid Andreyev. Trans. Thomas Seltzer. Boston: Little, Brown Company, 1917. KONDRATY: There is no God here there\s only the devil. This is a terrible place to live in, on my word it is, Mr. Savva. I am a man of experience. It\s no easy thing to fright me. But I am afraid to walk in the hall at night. To you educated people, he appears in a nobler aspect, of course; but to us plain, simple people, he reveals himself as he really is. We have no peace in our monastery; there is always such a noise and clatter there. Everything is quiet outside; but inside there are groans and gnashing of teeth. Some groan, some whine, and some complain about something, you can\t tell what. When you pass the doors, you feel as if your soul were taking leave of the world behind every door. Suddenly something glides from around the corner and there\s a shadow on the wall. Nothing at all and yet there\s a shadow on the wall. In other places it makes no difference. You pay no attention to such a trifle as a shadow; but here, Savva Yegorovich, they are alive, and you can almost h ear them speak. On my word of honor! Our hall, you know, is so long that it seems never to end. You enter nothing! You see a sort of black object moving in front of you, something like the figure of a man. Then it stretches out, grows larger and larger and wider and wider until it reaches across the ceiling, and then it\s behind you! You keep on walking. Your senses become paralyzed. You lose all consciousness. And God is impotent here. Of course we have sacred relics and a wonder-working icon; but, if you\ll excuse me for saying so, they have no efficacy. None whatever. If you don\t believe me, ask the other monks. They\ll bear me out. We pray and pray, and beat our foreheads, and the result is nothing, absolutely nothing. If the image did nothing else than drive away the impure power! But it can\t do even that. It hangs there as if it were none of its business, and as soon as night comes, the stir and the gliding and the flitting around the corners begin again. The abbot says we are cowards, poor in spirit, and that we ought to be ashamed. But why are the images ineffective? The monks in the monestary say well, it\s hard to believe. It\s impossible. But they say the devil stole the real image long ago the one that could perform miracles and hung up his own picture instead.

Literary Analysis

Introduction Frederico Garcia Lorca’s â€Å"romance de la pena negra† was published alongside various similar poems in the book entitled â€Å"Romancero Gitano† or commonly known as the Gypsy Ballads. The poems therein focused on the character of the gypsy which acted as a representation of the instincts and passions unbridled by the trappings of morality, society, cultural training and distinction[1].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This particular distinction accorded to gypsies is not unique to Lorca but rather can be seen in other famous work such as The Hunch Back of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo where the female character Esmeralda is represented as being outside the normal trappings of society, being the embodiment of passion and freedom. Another similarity between the two works can be seen in Lorca’s representation within the vario us poems of the supposed â€Å"omnipresence of sexual instincts† (Edkins 238 – 239) which are always threatened by repression yet break free nonetheless often times leading to a sudden and climactic death. As you may recall, the character of Esmeralda also died towards the end of the novel. This is indicative of a style that shows how the release of unbridled passion is usually looked down upon by society and is met by an ignominious and sudden unfortunate ending in most cases[2]. While the poem â€Å"romance de la pena negra† does not end in the death of the character it does appear to end negatively. As such, based on the comparison of the works of Lorca with other similar kinds of literature using the same type of literary pattern this paper will attempt to examine whether freedom and passion for Lorca, despite the overtly sexual content of his work, are aspects which should be controlled lest they result in an ignominious end. Examination of Ballad Structure and use of Dramatic Imagery This particular work of Lorca utilizes an 8 syllable line rhyming structure prevalent to many poems produced in that era. Due to the simplicity of the structure the poem is easy to read and as such the dramatic imagery that it imparts becomes that much more impressive. The one criticism I have of various poetry styles that attempt to use dramatic imagery is that at times they use overly complicated structures or monosyllabic structures which are hard to understand or comprehend immediately. For example the poem â€Å"The Red Wheelbarrow† is considered to be the masterpiece of 20th century writer William Carlos Williams, supposedly written in five minutes when he was caring for a sick child that eventually died[3].Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case instead of the various lines being measured by syllables they are instead measur ed by words with each stanza in the poem having three words with a single line coming after that with just a single word[4]. Though this particular type of poem is attempting invoke a type of dramatic imagery through simplicity its overall style is so far from the norm that most people find it hard to comprehend the meaning of the poem let alone see any form of imagery resulting from it. On the other hand the styles utilized by Larco are far more reminiscent of traditional poetry styles and thus can easily be interpreted and understood. This in itself could be considered an intentional aspect of the poem done by Larco in order for the imagery he was trying to portray to appear more easily. Invoked Imagery Repeated reading of the poem invokes two distinct forms of imagery to describe Soledad Montoya, the first taking the form of a river flowing down a mountain, the second being the imagery of a woman traversing the mountain steppes with her clothes undone and her hair all around her face. When researching the words â€Å"Soledad Montayo† nothing truly definite came about that accurately describe who or what it was. The reasoning behind its usage can thus be attributed to artistic license where the author wanted it to mean something for a specific reason with which many interpretations can be derived. First Imagery: The Raging Mountain Stream While this particular interpretation of the imagery invoked by the poem is far from traditional interpretations the fact remains that if an individual were to try to interpret the poem from a literal context many would assume that the few beginning stanzas were describing a river. For example the lines â€Å"down the dark mountain comes Soledad Montoya† (Edkins 238 – 239), if placed in the context of a geographic location most people would think it refers to a river. This interpretation is further justified by the succeeding lines â€Å"Yellow copper, her flesh, smells of horses and dusk† (Edkins 238 – 239), it is a well known practice in various agricultural parts of Spain to take horses out in order to let them drink from the river. Since it takes a while for the water to flow down a mountain the water that drips down from the time of dusk reaches the horses by the time of dawn. The yellow color is attributed to the light of the sun striking the water’s surface giving it a slight golden sheen. This final line from the poem solidifies this line of reasoning â€Å"Soledad of my sorrows, a stampeding horse ends up in the sea and is swallowed by the waves† (Edkins 238 – 239). One well known fact is that all rivers inexorably flow from mountains to the sea, the flow of water increases depending on the breadth and depths of the water making it seem at times like the stampeding hooves of horses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whi le this interpretation is largely literal it does make quite a bit of sense when compared to stanzas used to show the correlation between the poem and the river. The use of personification in various parts of the poem could be interpreted as the river speaking, an occurrence that is not unique in the realm of poetry where the use of personification has been attributed to far stranger objects. Second Imagery: Woman traversing the mountain steppes on her way home The second and most widely accepted imagery attributed to the poem â€Å"romance de la pena negra† is that of a mountain girl in Spain coming down from the mountains with a disheveled appearance who had tried to look for her forsaken lover. An attempt to translate the words â€Å"Soledad Montoya† using Google Translate shows that the word â€Å"Soledad† could be interpreted as â€Å"solitude†, to contextualize this word to better fit the poem the translation would be â€Å"lonely Montoya†. B ased on this it can be assumed that the character of Soledad Montoya is someone that is lonely. The gender is defined from the following line: â€Å"smoky anvils, her breasts wail rounded songs, braids trailing the ground, my body and clothes, my linen camisoles† (Edkins 238 – 239). The use of breasts, braids and linen camisoles is indicative of the physical traits seen in women and unlikely to be utilized by men as such the character in poem can be described as a lonely woman when adapting the use of the word â€Å"Soledad† to indicate loneliness. Another factor to take into consideration is the title of the poem itself â€Å"romance de la pena negra†, a literal translation of this results in the phrase â€Å"ballad of the black grief†. When taking the title of the poem into consideration and the interpretation of the word â€Å"Soledad† to mean loneliness the resulting characterization is that of a lonely woman that is grieving. To this en d it must then be asked what the woman is grieving about, the following lines shed light on answering this particular question: â€Å"do not remind me of the sea, for the black grief is born under the rustling of the leaves in the lands of the olive tree† (Edkins 238 – 239). Three particular details must be noted here, for one the poem obviously takes place in the setting of a mountainous region, secondly the character specifically mentions the sea as the source of her grief and finally the phrase â€Å"lands of the olive tree† (Edkins 238 – 239) indicates a place far away.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One assumption that seems the most likely is that the origin of her grief is someone who left on a ship on the sea to go to the land of olive trees. An examination of various literary contexts specifically mentioning the phrase â€Å"the land of the olive trees† indicates the area to either be in Italy or somewhere near Greece or the Mediterranean. Since the setting of this poem is assumed to be in Spain this indicates that that the lover of Soledad went away to the land of olive trees. Thus the plot of the poem becomes obvious, the character â€Å"Soledad Montoya† is walking through a mountainous region after seeing her lover leave on a ship on the way to the land of olive trees. Her loss creates loneliness and sorrow emphasized by the lines â€Å"what a pitiful grief, you weep drops of lemon, bitter lips, sour with waiting, how heavy is my grief† (Edkins 238 – 239). Interpreting the Context of the Second Imagery Earlier it was stated that within the var ious poems in â€Å"Romancero Gitano† there existed the supposed â€Å"omnipresence of sexual instincts† (Edkins 238 – 239) which are always threatened by repression yet break free nonetheless often times leading to a sudden and climactic death. The character of the gypsy acted as a representation of the instincts and passions unbridled by the trappings of morality, society, cultural training and distinction which is an ever present aspect of the various poems thus it can be assumed that such aspects also exist within â€Å"romance de la pena negra† as well. As mentioned earlier the work of Lorca tended to focus a lot on freedom and unbridled sexual instincts however in several poems the result of such exuberance has always ended in sorrow. The same can be said of the situation in â€Å"romance de la pena negra†, the character of Soledad Montayo can thus be assumed to be the personification of the sexual qualities Lorca liked to imbue in his poems[ 5]. Stanzas such as â€Å"yellow copper, her flesh smells of horses and dusk, smoky anvils, her breasts† seems to bring forth the imagery of a truly spectacularly beautiful woman who embodied the freedom and sensuality associated with gypsies. In the poem itself there are actually two voices, that of Soledad and another that asks her who she seeks and tells her to clean her body, as such it can be assumed that this individual is a parent possibly the mother of the character herself. As such in this poem we are privy to the scene of a mother comforting her daughter after she had lost her love. Another interpretation of the poem using the same context can be that Soledad Montayo was taken advantage of with the word Solidad taking on the meaning of â€Å"sorrow† instead of loneliness. For example these are several curious lines in the poem that need to be examined more closely: â€Å"tormenting pain! turning jet black, my body and clothes, my linen camisoles! my thighs o f red poppy!† (Edkins 238 – 239). While emotions associated to grief can cause pain the next set of words â€Å"turning jet black† add a rather curious detail to the poem. While it can be assumed that the term â€Å"turning jet black† could be assumed as her heart turning black as is seen in numerous poems about lost love there is no specific mention of the heart itself. Rather turning jet black could be associated with apparent injuries that are turning jet black which are causing her pain. What must be understood is that Lorca enjoyed adding overtly sexual references to much of his work and as such it would not be surprising to see an aspect of that reflected in this poem[6]. The tormenting pain, the injuries turning jet black and a specific reference to her thighs being red could be indicators of an apparent sexual assault. Many version attempting to interpret the poem of Lorca always seem to depict Soledad Montoya in rags, another interpretation could be that her dress was ripped as a result of being assaulted. In keeping with the ignominious end several gypsies in the poems of Lorca met, in this instance it could be that Soledad Montoya was with her love who was headed to the land of olives yet refused to give herself to him, as a result he overpowered her, raped her and left. This would explain why the parent in the concluding stanzas of the poem told Soledad to clean her body. As such this shows how Soledad Montayo who embodied the freedom and passion of the gypsies found herself reaching a bad conclusion as a result of her passions. On the other hand another interpretation of a less sexually charged nature can state that her loss was merely that of losing her love. An examination of the life of Lorca at the time of this poem’s creation showed that at the time he was passionately involved with Salvador Dali yet they could not go public with their relationship due to the inherent problems with the views on homosexual beh avior at the time. As such the message of the poems which indicate that passions and freedoms should be controlled lest that person meets an ignominious end could be a reflection of the thoughts of Lorca at the time who could not let knowledge of his relationship and his apparent homosexuality go public due to the social ostracization that would follow[7]. Conclusion Based on historical revelations on the hidden life of Lorca it can be seen that the messages in some of the poems in which love and passion allowed to reign free met ignominious ends was the result of Lorca’s own reasoning that he should not reveal who he was to the public[8]. His poems acted as a reflection of this own thought process similar to what Oscar Wilde accomplished in his literary masterpiece â€Å"The Picture of Dorian Gray† where the characters of Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian Gray and Basil Halward all acted as reflections of the author’s own persona. In the case of Romancero Gitano the po ems contained therein could be considered more of an interpretation of the author’s thought processes and logical thinking rather than a true reflection of personality. References Edkins, Anthony. â€Å"Gypsy Ballads (‘Romancero gitano’).† Modern Language Review 87, no. 1 (January 1992): 238-239. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Gatto, K, ‘Federico Garcà ­a Lorca’, Critical Survey of Poetry, Second Revised Edition, 2003, pp. 1-6, Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost. Greenfield, Sumner M. â€Å"Garcà ­a Lorca, Federico.† Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature (February 1980): 285-286. Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost . â€Å"The Book of the Dead Man (The Red Wheelbarrow).† Boulevard. 109-110. OpoJaz, Inc., 2010. Footnotes Edkins, Anthony. â€Å"Gypsy Ballads (‘Romancero gitano’).† Modern Language Review 87, no. 1 (January 1992): 238-239. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Ibid â€Å"Th e Book of the Dead Man (The Red Wheelbarrow).† Boulevard. 109-110. OpoJaz, Inc., 2010. Ibid Gatto, K, ‘Federico Garcà ­a Lorca’, Critical Survey of Poetry, Second Revised Edition, 2003, pp. 1-6, Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost. Gatto, K, ‘Federico Garcà ­a Lorca’, Critical Survey of Poetry, Second Revised Edition, 2003, pp. 1-6, Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost. Greenfield, Sumner M. â€Å"Garcà ­a Lorca, Federico.† Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature (February 1980): 285-286. Literary Reference Center, EBSCOhost . Ibid This essay on Literary Analysis was written and submitted by user Averie J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Points of Argument on the Settlement of Cyrene Essay Example

Points of Argument on the Settlement of Cyrene Essay Example Points of Argument on the Settlement of Cyrene Essay Points of Argument on the Settlement of Cyrene Essay The subject of â€Å"Tradition† is problematic when regarding historical sources pertaining to archaic Greece. Much of what we know about ancient times comes from literary sources and various inscriptions, such as Herodotus. Having been written by people of the epoch, influenced by oral tradition as well as political and social climates, and not as historical research, these writings should not be taken literally. And some, like Osborne, would say are automatically disqualified as historical evidence. When examining the case of the foundation of Cyrene, we must first assess the quality of our main source of information on the subject Herodotus. Herodotus, who wrote in the 5th century BC, tells us of the stories he had heard from the people of Cyrene and the people of Thera (The claimed Mother-city of Cyrene) regarding the founding of Cyrene. Osborne’s reading of Herodotus’ stories conveys they are not in unison. He claims that the Theran story emphasizes the difficulties they went through and the amount of careful planning put into the founding endeavor, whereas the Cyrenian version tells almost exclusively of their founder and first king, Battos. He explains these differences by looking at the socio-economical climate at the time the text was written. The Therans had an interest to keep their historical links with prosperous Cyrene alive and well, while it was important for the Cyrenian monarchy, the Battiads, to emphasize Battos’ role to legitimize themselves, as well as affirm Cyrene’s independence. It is clear now that these stories were based on each side’s interests and needs, and are selective and exaggerated. Malkin dismisses Osborne’s presentation of Herodotus’ accounts as conflicting, and suggests that with further analysis of the text it becomes evident that the Theran version is a combined Theran-Cyrenian one, and the â€Å"Cyrenian† story is in fact just used to fill what is missing in the Theran version. He agrees that the stories, especially that of Battos’ origins, are filled with exaggerated and mythical elements, born of various social needs, but refuses that this is sufficient grounds to throw all â€Å"Traditional† evidence we have away. In example we see that in the combined Theran-Cyrenian version, it is said that all settlers of the first generation were Theran, and that no new settlers arrived for 60 years. This stands in direct conflict with a multitude of archeological and traditional evidence – Including that Polis around Cyrene show signs of settlement already during Cyrene’s first generation of settlers. We also find evidence of Spartan pottery at Taucheira since its first generation that is obviously of too poor a quality to have been imports. Malkin resolves the archeological problem by saying there were many other settlers from all over the Greek world that settled in Cyrene, and over time got blended in and their origins forgotten, a fact revealed by 6th century reforms that divided Cyrenians by their origin. This assimilation process occurred in reaction to the rise of various Polis around Cyrene, forcing them to differentiate themselves by creating a uniform identity as Therans. What we see in this process is that while certain facts may change, a basic frame of the story remains constant. The Sworn Undertaking of the Founders is a document written by the Therans and attributed to before the settlers from Thera set out to Libya, cited by Herodotus during his account of the foundation of Cyrene, and later presented by the Therans to the Cyrenians in the 4th century when coming to claim citizenship. Osborne relates to The Sworn Undertaking of the Founders with skepticism, he claims the text contains many elements which are out of place in an 8th century document, such as the anachronistic approach of sailing â€Å"On equal and fair terms† and the claim to having originated from an assembly at Thera, and questions the text’s authenticity. He states the reason for the Cyrenians willingness to accept this different version of their past as that the now fallen Battiad monarchy had become an embarrassment, and the Cyrenians were happy to adopt a version in which Battos no longer played a major role, and that better fitted their current needs. However, claims Malkin, this analysis relies on the Therans having a fairly vague and short-termed memory of their past, which, as seen by Teuchydides’ story of refugee’s from Epidemnus coming to Corcyra and pointing out their ancestors grave, was not the case as not only oral tradition, but also outside affirmation from visitors helped keep the memory alive. Furthermore, as seen in the story of Cyrene itself as told by Herodotus, already in the 6th century people regarded Thera as the natural home for exiles from Cyrene. As for Battos’ having become an object of embarrassment to the Cyrenians, both the Theran version and the Agreement name Battos as founder and king, and in fact affirm his position as leader on Thera’s authority. Furthermore, it is unlikely that Battos had fallen out of grace with the Cyrenians due to the fall of the monarchy; his grave in the agora was consulted as an Oraculum and ceremonies held near it, regardless of the changing political climate, Battos’ character remained heroic and mythic in the people’s minds and his memory important to the Cyrenians’ collective identity. We also find evidence of the popularity of the Founder’s cult in places such as Gela, where a cup was found with an inscription dedicating it to the city’s founder. What we see through the examples given by Malkin is that tradition isn’t as soluble as it first seems. People have a need for conformity, and look for constants on which to base their personal and collective identity. To that extent we have folk stories, religious beliefs and ceremonies, and various social conformities of thought and behavior, that are passed on and maintain their form if not specifics, in order to retain a cohesive social uniform. In conclusion, there is a certain amount of skepticism with which one must approach the study of tradition in history, and care with which to regard that which we see as fact, however, methodical skepticism is also dangerous, and one must carefully examine and differentiate the mythical from the factual, and the constant from the changing.

The Role and Functions of the European Medicines Agency Research Paper

The Role and Functions of the European Medicines Agency - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the agency is made up of a Secretariat (ca. 600 staff), a board of management, a total of 6 scientific committees (human, herbal and veterinary products, orphan drugs, pediatrics and advanced therapies) and a number of scientific working parties (European Medicines Agency. 13 September 2011). The organization is well structured into five units which are mutually related to each other in terms of operation and services. The EMA derives its resources from over forty National Competent Authorities and over 4500 experts from all over European Union countries(European Medicines Agency. 13 September 2011). Although the Community pharmaceutical legislation is based essentially on the Single Market provisions of the EU Treaty, the primary stakeholders obviously include patients and healthcare professionals who operate in quite different healthcare delivery systems (HMA Strategy Paper, 2007). While maintaining regular checks on the manufacturing of biotechnological products, the EMA agency provides for relevant advice to the pharmaceutical companies and caters for the public interest. The field of medicine is a very sensitive area since it embodies the life of an individual and animals as well. Therefore, there has been a need to provide a quality assessment in the medicinal field in order to ascertain safety, efficiency, and quality in the process of manufacturing pharmaceuticals(HMA Strategy Paper, 2007). These require detailed assessment by an external body (EMA) which acts as autonomous body capable of carrying out its activities without the influence or engagement of political entities. Medicines are meant to improve quality of life; any deviation to the expected standards of requirement has devastating effect on the human and animal health.

International Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Personality - Essay Example This is legal systems that regulate action by states. Sine 1945 the international legal system has been used in the world to arbitrate different conflicts and to bring conflicting sides to the table. The UN has played a pivotal role in the development of an internal legal system. However the principle subject that has been emphasized on the international law has been states rather than individuals. Individual have been placed under the municipal law. The international court of Justice had acknowledged in the repartition case which types of the international personality other than the statehood could be in existence which has seen an expansion of the subjects of the international law. But apart from the mention states, there have also been concerns that personality is also possessed by other bodies like international organization and human beings. The non-governmental organization and national liberation movement are also showing a great possession of international personality. (Nijman 2004, p. 2) In right to this we can therefore see that international personality is therefore bench marked on the power that is given to the entity. If the entity does not have the power to force the power that has been granted under the international laws, therefore it cannot be said to be an international person. This is the reason why the definition of an internal individual may not be the same as the normal definition since it will be referring to a specific entity rather those specific human beings. This means that the international community is taken as a being made up of "persons" who posses powers to act on behalf of the international community. This definition hence takes in the factors of power that is granted to the specific individual to implement the powers for the international community. While in our normal definition we may be referring to specific humans, the international community recognizes the states alone. But the non-governmental organization has also been given the same power of recognition in the international community as states. While the international law clearly defines an international person as "an entity that has the capacity to bear legal rights and duties under the international law" non governmental organizations have been able to bear the foresaid legal right and duties. (Greig 1996, p. 32) International organizations are also given legal