Resistance Of The Patriarchal Norms Of Pakistan - 1306 Words

Resistance to uprooting the patriarchal norms in Pakistan, especially in rural areas, is another cause of the lack of education, especially for girls. You can see this resistance in the attacks on teachers and the high rates of illiteracy, especially among women and girls. Balochistan is one of these places where education can be scarce and the dangers are high. â€Å"There have also been attacks on teachers, such as one in October, when four female teachers in Quetta had acid thrown at them as they left school† (Girls). Risks like this push teachers away from schools, offering less opportunity to the girls who might have attended, if they had the chance. Luckily, some girls been lucky enough to be invested in, and they are the reason we are questioning these cultural norms in the first place. Malala Yousafzi is a perfect example of what happens when someone has the bravery to stand up against an oppressive system. Malala was the victim of the Taliban, being shot in the head f or speaking out for her right to an education as a girl, something the Taliban strongly opposed (Lewis 3). Malala had used a pseudonym with the British Broadcasting Company to write about her conditions, and when her real name was eventually revealed, the Taliban had their eyes on her (Lewis 5). Interestingly, Malala’s shooting created a spark in the opposite direction the Taliban intended. Killing, or attempted killing, by the Taliban is meant to be a warning. But Malala’s situation rustled people in aShow MoreRelatedMuslim Women Of Pakistan, By Tehmina Durrani s My Feudal Lord, An Autobiographical Narrative1164 Words   |  5 Pagespredicament of Muslim wives in society of Pakistan through institution of marriage as depicted in Tehmina Durrani’s My Feudal Lord, an autobiographical narrative. The publication of My Feudal Lord received many awards and made it exceptional and extraordinary literary work, which surfaces the issues of Muslim women of Pakistan, and is still relevant as it contributes to the feminist cause. The book is a painful account of a woman’s traumatic marriage in Pakistan, who suffers in silence for thirteen yearsRead MoreBrides of Quran and Forced Marriage Essay1945 Words   |  8 Pagessociological concepts such as patriarchal society, social construction and normalization of the abnormal. In this paper, I will look at what are the brides of the Quran, where it is being practiced and how as patriarchal society, social constructions of honor, purity and femininity and normalization of the abnormal can give explanation for this practice as a forced marriage. â€Å"Marriage with the Quran† is one form of marriage practiced in Sindh, a province of Pakistan (Uzma, 2003) (Akhtar and Mà ©trauxRead MoreMalala Yousafzai Is A Muslim Activist For Female Education Essay2185 Words   |  9 Pagesknown as an advocate for education in Pakistan and was an opponent of the Taliban’s effort to restrict education and stop girls from going to school (Yousafzai Lamb,2013,139). In Pakistan, where Malala grew up, and many other parts of South Asia, families prize and privilege male children over female children (Yousafzai Lamb,2013,13). Pakistan has about 5.1 million children out of school and about two thirds of them are female (Robison, 2013,5). Pakistan spends only 2.3% of its gross domesticRead MoreEssay about Marginalization of Women by Salman Ahmed Rushdie2706 Words   |  11 Pageshave been published on it. In the text Shame, Rushdie gives his account of societal and political life in Pakistan. He is satirical of the social condition s in the country which are the resultant of undemocratic, dictatorial and unlawful political practices of the leaders of Pakistan. The present paper attempts to analyze the issue of marginalization of women in the patriarchal society of Pakistan. Rushdie tries to highlight the denial of rights to the Pakistani masses, especially the women, by theRead MoreIslamic Freedom Of Choice Under The Islamic Charter940 Words   |  4 PagesIslamic feminism can be defined as women who advocate for their rights, gender equality, and social norms under the framework of Islam. Rooted in Islam, the movement’s pioneers have also utilized secular, Western, or otherwise non-Muslim feminist discourses. Advocates in the movement seek to highlight the deeply rooted teachings of equality in religion and encourage a questioning of the patriarchal interpretation of Islamic teaching through the Qur an, hadith and sharia towards the creation of aRead MoreHonour Killing in Pakistan19346 Words   |   78 PagesProfessor Malmo University, Sweden Honour killings in Pakistan under Theoretical, Legal and Religious Perspectives An Analytical Study of Honour killings Abuse and Disconnecting Islam from This Ancient Brutal Tradition Author MUHAMMAD ZIA ULLAH MASTER THESIS SUBMITTED, 27-05-2010 Malmà ¶ University Malmà ¶, Sweden Abstract This research sets out to examine the main excuses, often mentioned in connection to the so-called â€Å"honour killings† in Pakistan. In this way, the aim is to discuss the idea of â€Å"honourRead MoreReligion and Women Empowerment3057 Words   |  13 Pagesreligion (Tanzim). The patriarchal society is structured in such a way where women actually have less power to raise their voice against the society which is dominating them and always being an obstacle in their way of freedom and prosperity. However, surprisingly, it is conspicuous that comparatively women are more religious and involved in rituals and religious activities than men (Crandall). In return, the religion itself or by taking the name of religion the patriarchal society restricts womenRead MoreJoint Family System3934 Words   |  16 Pagesaffection, care and to face problems collectively. If these values are brought up, society can become an ideal society and that country can make progress rapidly even with in the constraints of limited resources. So its role in developing countries like Pakistan, is need of the hour. ADVANTAGES OF JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM Joint family system in itself simulates a typical view of our multi cultural society. In this system all the members, regardless of which particular nuclear family within that joint familyRead MoreExaming the Cultural Practice of Ukuthwala and Its Impact on the Rights of the Child13071 Words   |  53 Pagesbecomes irrelevant. There is also what is called ‘compensation marriage’, known variously as vanni, swara and sang chatty, which is the traditional practice of forced marriage of women and young girls in order to resolve tribal feuds in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Ukuthwala practice is remotely close to this practice only due to the element of force being used and the people who would fall victim to the practice – girl children. Child marriages are quite common in many parts of Southern AfricaRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswhich they labored to expand the career opportunities available to them at different times and in diverse settings. She places special emphasis on the important but often overlooked roles they played in politics, particularly those associated with resistance movements, and their contributions to arts and letters worldwide. Drawing on the essay collections and series on women in world history that she has edited over the past decade, Smith’s fully global perspectives make clear that even though gender

Standardized Testing - 1272 Words

Synthesis Essay on Standardized Testing Standardized testing in the United States started in the mid- 1800’s (Standardized Tests - ProCon.org). This kind of testing was originally created to measure students’ performance and progress in school (Standardized Tests - ProCon.org). In recent years, the public school system has relied heavily on the information this test provides, in doing so creating controversy. Other than being a student myself, and participating in multiple standardized exams such as, CSAP, ACT, and SAT, I do not have much background knowledge on this debate. The debate over standardized testing has raised this inquiry question: What are the effects of standardized testing on the United States public education system?†¦show more content†¦Another theme presented in multiple articles was a rise in cheating. Source number one, â€Å"Do Standardized Tests Show an Accurate View of Students’ Abilities†, believes that because the push to do well on standardized tests is such a priority, â€Å"some institutions consider cheating† (Concordia University). Source number two, â€Å"Is the Use of Standardized Test Improving Education in America,† disagrees, explaining that cheating by administrators and students is not an issue, and not a reason to terminate standardized testing. This source also clarifies that â€Å"[i]t is likely that some cheating occurs, but some people cheat on their tax returns also, and the solution is not to abolish taxation† (Standardized Tests - ProCon.org). Source number three, â€Å"Test Our Children Well†, proposes a solution that by using the â€Å"testing effect†, â€Å"teachers could develop new tests questions each week for each class†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Emanuel 10) and by doing so, will eliminate the opportunity for student to cheat on exams. The last theme I found presented in these sources is measurement of student success. Source number one, â€Å"Are Exams Bad for Children?†, explains that we can find better ways to measure a student’s learning abilities. Stephanie Schneider says, â€Å"More reliable methods of assessment can provide meaningful information that assist student learning, rather than a test that often serves as a punitive device† (30). TheShow MoreRelatedStandardized Testing : Standardized Tests1186 Words   |  5 Pages Standardized Testing Impact Standardized testing is known to improve students’ education, but is it really needed in school? Standardized testing determines whether a student is prepared for the next grade based on their test scores. While some students do great on their test others struggle a lot. Not all students are good test takers; majority of the students do good in school but struggle when it comes down to testing. While many agree that standardized testing helps improve studentsRead MoreStandardized Testing And Standardized Tests1204 Words   |  5 Pagessomething we have all nearly fallen asleep to over our years of standardized tests. I myself can be included with you in that experience and I hope to give you a little more information on these all too familiar tests this afternoon. Today we are going to look at the origins of standardized testing, the purpose of standardized testing, and standardized tests around the world. But first, I want to ask you another question: what is standardized t esting? Is it A) something that has been used for some time inRead MoreStandardized Tests : Standardized Testing963 Words   |  4 PagesOct 2015 Standardized Testing in Florida In recent years Florida’s standardized testing program has taken a turn for the worst. After doing away with the FCAT (Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test) the debate has only grown due to flood of new tests being created such as the Florida Standards Assessment (FSA) or End of Course Exam (EOC). These tests are administered to test students’ abilities at the end of the school year. In spring of 2015, with only two months of testing between the EOC’sRead MoreStandardized Testing Should Be Standardized Tests1329 Words   |  6 PagesPretty much everybody in this generation has taken a standardized test in some level of schooling. A standardized test is defined as a â€Å"test that requires all test takers to answer the same questions, or a selection of questions from a common bank of questions, in the same way, and that is scored in a standard or consistent manner, which makes it possible to compare the relative performance of individual students or groups o f students† (â€Å"Standardized Test Definition†). There is lots of debate aroundRead More Standardized Testing Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesStandardized Testing Scholar Bill Ayers believes standardized testing in schools does not accurately measure what is necessary to be successful in life. Ayers insists that Standardized tests such as the American College Test (ACT) and the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) measure specific facts and function which are among the least interesting and slightest important information that children should know. In an article titled â€Å"Testing the Right Way for Talent†, written by Hugh Price, arguesRead MoreThe Use of Standardized Testing1088 Words   |  4 Pagesthe use of standardized testing has spanned centuries, some of the earlier studies include data from the early 1900’s. According to Frazier (2009), â€Å"there is a significant difference in scores on standardized tests when students have completed a technology education program†. This study shows a correlation between the use of technology within the school system and achievement on standardized tests. Students that are ex posed to technology education are more likely to do well on standardized tests. Read MoreThe Limitations Of Standardized Testing Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesThe limitations of â€Å"standardized testing† as a rigid and narrow criterion for gauging the educational capabilities of students in public education. The criterion for standardized testing relies on narrow areas of knowledge that define a hierarchical imposition of â€Å"intelligence† testing that forces the student to perform ion a constrained academic environment. This type of testing has become a mechanized tool to reject the individual needs of the student in a linear testing methodology. The importanceRead MoreEssay on Standardized Testing1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe No Child Left Behind Act and Standardized Testing: State, National, and International American Education has been a work in progress for the past century and a half. To measure its progress, successes, and failings, there are standardized tests. These tests have been used to compare schools, states, and nations. The key subjects being tested as a universal measure are mathematics, reading, and science. To help improve the scores on these tests, the United States put into law the No ChildRead MoreThe Shortcomings of Standardized Testing1636 Words   |  7 PagesSince the U.S. Congress passed the No Child Left Behind program, standardized testing has become the norm for American schools. Under this system, each child attending a school is required to take a standardized test at specific grade points to assess their level of comprehension. Parents, scholars and all stakeholders involved take part in constant discussions over its effectiveness in evaluating students’ comprehension, teachers’ competency and the effects of the test on the education system. T houghRead MoreThe Efficiency Of Standardized Testing1544 Words   |  7 PagesThe Efficiency of Standardized Testing Diane Ravitch once said, â€Å"Sometimes, the most brilliant and intelligent minds do not shine in standardized tests because they do not have standardized minds.† A standardized test is a test that is scored in a â€Å"standard† or consistent manner, which makes it possible to compare the relative performance of individual students or groups of students. Standardized testing is a trend that has grown significantly over the last decade. These tests were intended to

The Effects of War Free Essays

For almost 50 years, the world war was one of the most talked about destruction of war. The wars break out for various reasons. There are world wars in the world, and they made every countries became the fighting area. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whenever, wars have happened there are always destruction everywhere and destroyed everything in each country by dropping bombs and using powerful explosive weapons. The most effects of war is that people are died, destroyed the infrastructure, economic, and separated from families. War killed many people. As a result of ending of the World War I, an estimated 10 million soldiers were killed. â€Å"Those averages about 6,500 deaths a day, every day. Plus, millions of civilians were also killed,† according to www. history1900s. about. com/od/world-war-I. html. World War I was especially remembered for its slaughter for it was one of the bloodiest wars in history. Moreover, World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. â€Å"Over 60 million people were killed, which was over 2. 5% of the world population,† according to www. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/world_war_II. After the war, it always left many problems to the people and society. The main point is the separate of families and cause three major points. First, it has many widows so it is very difficult for all widows to try hard to live without helping from other people. Second, the war left many orphans and all of the orphans faced many bad situations such as feel lonely and lack of love from parents. Moreover, orphans could not go to school and could not get knowledge that why they became illiterate person. Third, the war left many people lost their relative became during the war some relative were separate and some were death. By this problems, some people live without knowing that their relatives were dead or still alive as a result it make them lived with unhappy and lonely also. Another factor that war effected, was infrastructure. Ask you that infrastructure is so important things include building, roads, bridges, and so on. But after the war everything was gone, many buildings such as industries buildings, houses, hospital, schools were collapsed and also most of the roads were damaged by weapon that used during the war. So the war is really effected to infrastructure as mention above. A somewhat different effect of War has made the deficient economic. Particularly, the war always destroy everything not only the infrastructure, but also the cause many bankrupt companies. Many large companies and small companies could be bankrupt of the war; especially, there is no foreign investor will invest in your country anymore. As the result of bankrupt, it will increase the unemployment and make less productive which cause the inflation that all the products are high price. For example, â€Å"In France during the World War II, the currencies of France are worthless mean that you needed 726, 000, 000 francs to buy what you’d been able to get for only 1 franc in 1918,† according to the book of lecture Seng Tith at National Institute of Business. As the result, the war cause the economic fell down that made difficulty for people to live. In conclusion, the effects of war destroyed many things for countries such as: the death of people, destroyed infrastructure, affected of economy, and people separated from their families. Because of the effected of war, people lived hardly and badly that they feel hurt after the war. War is never good for each country all over the world and for citizens as well. How to cite The Effects of War, Papers The Effects of War Free Essays For almost 50 years, the world war was one of the most talked about destruction of war. The wars break out for various reasons. There are world wars in the world, and they made every countries became the fighting area. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whenever, wars have happened there are always destruction everywhere and destroyed everything in each country by dropping bombs and using powerful explosive weapons. The most effects of war is that people are died, destroyed the infrastructure, economic, and separated from families. War killed many people. As a result of ending of the World War I, an estimated 10 million soldiers were killed. â€Å"Those averages about 6,500 deaths a day, every day. Plus, millions of civilians were also killed,† according to www. history1900s. about. com/od/world-war-I. html. World War I was especially remembered for its slaughter for it was one of the bloodiest wars in history. Moreover, World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. â€Å"Over 60 million people were killed, which was over 2. 5% of the world population,† according to www. en. wikipedia. org/wiki/world_war_II. After the war, it always left many problems to the people and society. The main point is the separate of families and cause three major points. First, it has many widows so it is very difficult for all widows to try hard to live without helping from other people. Second, the war left many orphans and all of the orphans faced many bad situations such as feel lonely and lack of love from parents. Moreover, orphans could not go to school and could not get knowledge that why they became illiterate person. Third, the war left many people lost their relative became during the war some relative were separate and some were death. By this problems, some people live without knowing that their relatives were dead or still alive as a result it make them lived with unhappy and lonely also. Another factor that war effected, was infrastructure. Ask you that infrastructure is so important things include building, roads, bridges, and so on. But after the war everything was gone, many buildings such as industries buildings, houses, hospital, schools were collapsed and also most of the roads were damaged by weapon that used during the war. So the war is really effected to infrastructure as mention above. A somewhat different effect of War has made the deficient economic. Particularly, the war always destroy everything not only the infrastructure, but also the cause many bankrupt companies. Many large companies and small companies could be bankrupt of the war; especially, there is no foreign investor will invest in your country anymore. As the result of bankrupt, it will increase the unemployment and make less productive which cause the inflation that all the products are high price. For example, â€Å"In France during the World War II, the currencies of France are worthless mean that you needed 726, 000, 000 francs to buy what you’d been able to get for only 1 franc in 1918,† according to the book of lecture Seng Tith at National Institute of Business. As the result, the war cause the economic fell down that made difficulty for people to live. In conclusion, the effects of war destroyed many things for countries such as: the death of people, destroyed infrastructure, affected of economy, and people separated from their families. Because of the effected of war, people lived hardly and badly that they feel hurt after the war. War is never good for each country all over the world and for citizens as well. How to cite The Effects of War, Papers

The Misunderstanding of Internet Freedom free essay sample

The Misunderstanding of Internet Freedom The public governance has been a significant part of every system. People as citizens always discuss their opinions with each other. In accordance with the system which they are ruled, their discussions have an effect on the rules and regulations of the government. In modern societies which embrace democracy as management system, the influence of public determination is predominant. As it is mentioned above sharing and declaring public decision is the milestone of governance in such societies. Therefore, the more advanced ways people have to communicate, the more they can contribute to the improvement of democracy. If it is compared with the past, people have faster, cheaper and much more effective communication tools in order to exchange and spread their ideas. The Internet and new communication technologies enhance democracy by making any kind of information accessible and by providing people with rapid and cheap communication. The Internet enables the improvement of democracy because it gives people the opportunity to be aware of current issues. It offers a wide range of information to everyone regardless of their status. People who are interested in a topic can access plenty of data about what they are looking for. It is not anymore the case that people have to delve into books in libraries in order to find a useful resource which contains relevant information. People already have a well-organized library which searches and introduces them to the most appropriate information on their subjects – The Internet. In addition to individuals, many non-governmental organizations and any other social groups that share common ideas can publish their arguments and spread them across the world. For example, human rights organizations use the Internet to advocate their arguments. L. Pal reveals that the international human rights movement has grown hugely since the 1950s when approximately 38 non-go0vernmental organizations were identifiable, to around 14,500 by 1994 (qtd. Brophy and Halpin 353). The new ICTs (information and communication technologies) and the Internet provide people with advanced opportunity to declare their opinions and to contribute to democracy. To illustrate, (International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Development) ICHRDD started to use electronic publications and participated in the PeaceNet Human Rights gopher service that retrieve important data published by other organizations (354). The information becomes accessible to all concerned workers and volunteers so that they will be more sophisticated in their fights and they are able to defend their arguments. (Brophy and Halpin 356). The new information communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet contribute to development of democracy because they facilitate communication with rapid and cheap tools such as e-mails. It is stated by Brophy and Halpin that â€Å"Electronic communications and networking cut through the barriers of time and distance, facilitating the finding of information in a way previously impossible. † (353). Likewise to the authors statement, instead of costly phone calls or even more incommodious face to face meetings, electronic communications enable people to communicate or exchange their ideas in a rapid way whether they are at the opposite sides of the world. ICTs help citizens to contribute to democracy because they make mobilization of people more effective and cheaply. They also provide circulation of information through networks, and they strengthen NGOs so that capacity of governmental agencies is limited (Brophy and Halpin 354). As it is mentioned above, ICTs enhance contributions of citizens to democracy because they transform people into aware, active and investigative elements of democracy. They enable people to discuss and question conviction, and come up with new perspectives and creative resolutions. Inherently, there are people who deny the contribution of the Internet freedom to democracy. It is also argued that the Internet makes things worse in terms of liberalization. Evgeny Morozov who is an expert on interaction of digital technologies and democracy believes that authoritarian governments hinder democracy from developing by censoring the Internet or attacking web-sites (1). Besides, there are some governments that censor web-sites which advocate child abuse, cyber-crimes, and terrorism (Ash 8). They also legally or illegally gain access to e-mail account, spy on searches and so on (Ash 7). These examples might seem to be assaults on privacy or obstacles to the improvement of democracy. But your privacy is not more important than the welfare of your country and children. You cannot jeopardize your country and children while some terrorists threaten benefits, security, and economy of your country or pedophiles abuse your children physically or psychologically. It should be preferred to protect your country and your children to your privacy. As a result, it is legitimate and reasonable to block websites like this. Besides, the reliability of governments is controversial. Everybody might not be satisfied about government’s implementations. However, the ones who elect the government are the majority of society. People are given the right to choose the people who will govern them. Of course, they can question the practices and submit their thoughts through NGOs and so on. But they should also be respectful to the will of the public. In conclusion, the role of public in governance is significant in all modern democracies. The more people declare their thoughts the more they can contribute to democracy. With the developing technologies and the Internet, people are more likely to communicate, exchange ideas and search for what they need. New ICTs such as e-mails and electronic documents enable people to enhance democracy. On the other hand, in order to prevent illegitimate censoring and regulations by governments, we should implement all laws in the online world as well. Finally, we should use our right to elect cleverly and declare our views through NGOs in an appropriate way. References Ash, Timothy Garton. â€Å"Internet Freedom†. freespeechdebate. com. N. D. Web. October 2012. Brophy, Peter, and Edward Halpin. â€Å"Through the Net to freedom: information, the Internet and human rights†. jis. sagepub. com. Journal of Information Science. 24 March 1999. Web. October 2012. Morozov, Evgeny, and Joanne J. Myers. â€Å"The Net Delusion : The dark side of Internet freedom†. Carnegiecouncil. org. Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. 25 January 2011. Web. October 2012.

Oedipus the king free essay sample

Aristotelian philosophy teaches that knowing material reality can be achieved by properly Identifying the essential traits of things and distinguishing things from other things by forming classification schemes based on those traits. The theorys great power is that it canproduce useful, independently verifiable categories of analysisitwe all can agree on the epics essential traits, then we can conduct reasonable scholarly discussions about epics. Since Aristotle also was Interested (like his teacher. Plato) in the proper organization of human communities, from the one- amily oikos (whence economy) to the city-state of the polis, he also tried to describe the social functions of literature. This continues to be an important line of study In modern literary theory. One of the methods weakness arises from disagreements about what, If anything, can be called essential from the start (a prion), outside some kind of social, political, historical processes that made it. We will write a custom essay sample on Oedipus the king or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A second weakness, shared by some practitioners of Structuralism (q. v. ), is Aristotles fondness for defnltion and categorizatino by binary oppositions: states which are supposed to be mutually exclusive (i. . , live or dead, on or off, in that you cant be both, but must be one or the other). Many of the oppositions by which he constructed his literary analysis are suspect or simply wrong, at least in our own era (e. g. , comedy or tragedy has become confused with tragi-comedy and satire). Post- Aristotelian thinking tends to avoid relying upon unexamined binary oppositions and to look backwards, in order to situate literatures traits in the processes which created them, but otherwise we owe a great methodological debt to The Philosopher, as he was known to medieval readers. Some Aristotelian principles† ) Genre and generic attributes Aristotle sought to anchor his definitions of literary genres in exemplary works and authors. Of tragedians, he considered Sophocles the best, and his Oedipus Tyrannus (Oedipus the King) the finest example. Thats immediately debatable because great works by two other major tragedians survived (Aeschylus and Euripides). In the case of epics, his task was easier because only one authors work were widely known to him, those of Homer. According to Aristotle, the lost Homeric mock battle narrative, Margites, is to comic drama as the Iliad and the Odyssey are to ragedy. Note that this suggests genres originate in pairs, each balancing qualities the other excels In with qualities it lacks and its partner has In abundance. When distinguishing between epic and tragedy, he said epic has a multiplicity of plots, each of which Is fully developed in the epics larger scope, but the tragedy is a compressed development of a single plot. Aristotle says epics have a major advantage over tragedy because of their multiplicity of Incident, the capacity to enlarge its action to incorporate several series of events which may have happened imultaneously [representing them in narrative series by means of flashbacks, etc. ]. For Aristotle, all literature is an art of imitation (Gk. mimesis, whence mime). As artists imitated life to produce their literature, audiences would be inspired to imitate, in some fashion, what they read, heard or saw on the stage. The social function of epic as an exemplar of good behavior was easier for Aristotle to assume in Classical Greece. Recently, the hero-aesthetic has been dethroned as a necessary and great model of human aspiration, at least as it motivates citizens to become warriors. Comedy produced an immediate problem for Aristotle, however, since comedies tend to be about bad behavior and people doing ugly, immoral, or ridiculous things. He accepted that the primary object of comedy as imitation: imitation of low charactersnot morally bad, but ludicrous, ugly but not painful or destructive. He defended comedies mimetic representation of ludicrous behavior because it would incite audiences to avoid its imitation. 3) Proper proportion A tragedy imitates action that is serious, complete, and of an appropriate magnitude (neither trivial nor too vast). 4) Literatures function The tragedy evokes two kinds of emotions, pity and fear, in order to cleanse the mind of dangerous but natural human tendencies, especially overgrown pride in our accomplishments. This emotional purging (katharsis), when shared by the whole population, restored the city to health. 5) Character construction Tragic characters all have two qualities by which we Judge them: thought and character. In order of importance, proper characters should have the following qualities: goodness in a moral sense, appropriateness to social mores, truth to life (probability in small details), and consistency (i. . , not disturbingly divided in nature). 6) Sub-components of dramatic theater Tragedies have these six parts: plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle (today, special effects), and song. ) Literature and human nature According to Aristotle, our qualities are determined by our characters, those basic combinations of traits we were born with or develop as we grow, but we are made happy or wretched by our actions. Therefore, the great literature concentrates on showing us those actions at crucial moments and the first principle of any drama is its plot (i. e. , the act ion). A perfect tragedy should imitate complex actions (see #12) that excite pity and fear (#4) while leading a man who is extraordinarily good and Just to misfortune by some error of Judgment or frailty of character. That frailty of character is the famous tragic flaw or hamartia, actually something closer toa tragic imbalance qualities in the construction of a tragedys plot are: it has a beginning, middle, and end (i. e. , is complete); and it is of appropriate size to be easily embraced in one view or easily embraced by the memory [long enough to move a character from alamity to good fortune, or from good fortune to calamity. For this reason, Aristotle says good plays resemble living organisms. (This idea has a rebirth in Romanticisms organic form theory. An episodic plot is: one that moves from incident to incident without necessary or probable cause. You can still find modern literary reviews that condemn a works plot as episodic, though since Modernism, fiction has tended to test that boundary and many of the rest Aristotle tried to establish. 9) Unity of action In addition to unity of form and time, Aristotle also said a plot should be unified. However, definitions of this tend to be circu lar: the plot centers around an action that is unified. 10) Poetry vs. istorythe truth problem The ancients and medieval theorists were troubled that poetic works of all kinds (narrative fiction, drama, lyrics) are technically lies. isnt lying a bad thing, something to be punished. Aristotle saw the poet and historian as his opposing binary opposites to solve this problem. The poets Job differs from the historians in that: the historian must relate what happened, but the poet may relate what may (or may have) happened. (Also see Sidney, Defense of Poesy. ) 11) Simple vs. complex plots While Aristotle tended to favor literary traits that unified, he was not against complexity, itself. For him, a complex plot is distinguished from a simple one because it has one or both of these special features which produce important effects in the audience: reversal of expectations (peripeteia) and/or recognition (usually of someones identity, often of ones own true identity [anagnorisis]). Both of these events occur nearly simultaneously near the end of Oedipus Tyrannus. Aristotelian analysis divides the plays action into two parts complication and nraveling, the latter of which might begin with the reversal of expectations and end with the self-discovery or recognition scene. 2) Literature and the agon Like most Classical Greeks, Aristotle saw most of the universe as a pattern of struggle, or agon, in which opposed forces battled for supremacy. Tragedy and epic, alike, according to Aristotle, might develop a kind of collision between opposing character types in which one must subdue the other. He said tragedy should have a double thread, which can be identified by: its concern for two groups of actors hose ends are opposite because of their opposite natures (e. g. , in epic, Odysseus triumphant return vs. the suitors destruction; in tragedy, Antigones unwavering insistence on the old burial customs vs. Creons equally stubborn demand that she 13) Spectacle / Special Effects vs. Tragic or Comic effects Aristotle distinguished clearly between works which operated upon the audiences minds by manipulating the emotions via thoughtful processes from those which sought their impact by shocking the audience with scenes which were taboo in ordinary social life (e. g. , murders, open sexuality, violent accidents). The movies, Halloween and Nightmare on Elm Street, and all their many imitators, are examples of tragedies that use spectacle to move the audiences emotions.

Phobia Intervention Outline Essays

Phobia Intervention Outline Essays Phobia Intervention Outline Essay Phobia Intervention Outline Essay Phobias â€Å"A phobia is strong, persistent, specific fears lasting more than 6 months and accompanied by intense physiological symptoms and avoidance or distress typify the presence of a specific phobia. † –DSM-IV-TR Article #1: Intensive Treatment of Specific Phobias in Children and Adolescents Population: Children and Adolescents * Ages: 7-17 * Boys girls Hypothesis: Researchers wanted to see what the actual implementation of OST with children and adolescents would be while extending the techniques from the unpublished OST Manual for Children. Researchers also wanted to see a host of practical issues associated with using exposure therapy for the treatment of specific phobias. Method: A type of Cognitive-behavioral therapy- One Session Treatment About the Intervention: * OST is developmentally informed and intensive- lasting 90-180 minutes * Combines in vivo exposure, psycho-education, particular models, cognitive challenges, reinforcement (contingency management), and skills training in intensive treatment model. Creates a fear hierarchy simultaneously probes for catastrophic thoughts associated with varying levels of exposure * GOAL: not to create another traumatic experience but to create an opportunity for child to learn that the negative expectations and thoughts believed to surround the stimulus either do not occur or if they do occur are not as anxiety-arousing as believed. Before applying the treatment researchers conducted: Diagnostic Assessment- chose appropriate evidence-based treatment for the phobia. * Anxiet y Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV Child Parent Version * Makes diagnosis for phobia and introduces a rating system of fear for child * Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised * Discriminates types of phobia and proved an index of fear level/ intensity * BAT- Behavioral Avoidance Test Info from observing the child’s reaction and avoidance to stimulus * Functional Assessment (45 mins)- meeting for parents and children in different setting * Determine maintaining variables, generate fear hierarchy, catalog child’s most severe catastrophic cognitions (asking child what the easiest interaction with stimulus is, then most difficult and then ask for ranks in-between) , determine onset and course of phobia, build rapport and present rationale for treatment * GOAL: to assess both child and parent(s)’ motivation for treatment * Family and Parental Factors Rationale and pretreatment instructions * Lets parents know what’s coming and alleviates misconcepti ons about treatment and how it will be conducted and experienced Conducting OST * Exposure (negotiation)- *in vivo* * Elicits fear so that catastrophic cognitions expectancies can be activated and addressed * Permits fear to habituate and avoidance to extinguish * Prevents behavioral and cognitive avoidance in a safe and controlled environment * TECHNIQUES: â€Å"foot in the door† and â€Å"door in the face† * Cognitive Challenges Participant Modeling * Reinforcement * Psychoeducation and skills training * Implementation After OST * Instructions to continue self-exposure for next few months + follow up appts Results: Results showed that this approach is effective and not only works better with girls but also children with animal phobia. Discussion: Benefits of OST * Follows children’s expectations 75. 4% * Satisfied with treatment 82. % Evaluation: We decided that we would use this intervention. It alters one, if not more, of the cognitive, behavioral and physi ological aspect of the patient’s phobic emotional response. How OST came about: Researchers were not coming up with new interventions, they just modified â€Å"the wheel†, therapies that have existed for years. They wanted to see how treatments worked better together.

How Brian Imaging Could Help Predict Alzheimers Essay

How Brian Imaging Could Help Predict Alzheimers - Essay Example To date there is a lack of reliable drug that can be used to decelerate the progress of Alzheimer’s disease. Although many drugs have been tested scientists and drug manufacturers blame the timing when these drugs have been administered to patients of the disease. They claim that many of the drugs are administered at a time when the progress of the disease makes it difficult for any significant improvement to take place. The pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly developed gamma secretase inhibitor but this drug didn’t prove successful. Sangram Sisodia, director of the Center for Molecular Neurobiology at the University of Chicago explained that the drug was tested on the wrong group of patients. New studies, however, have shown that there is hope for Alzheimer’s patients. Recent presentations at the Society for Neuroscience conference recently held in San Diego showed that brain imaging may help in the prediction of the disease. Researchers believed that changes in the brain will help to qualify patients to undergo clinical tests of new drugs. They are also hopeful that brain imaging will help in the selection of persons for clinical testing before dementia is developed. Reliable drugs testing can become possible if persons found with mild cognitive impairment are used for clinical testing as indicated by recent researches. Not everyone who has this condition will develop Alzheimer’s as revealed by a graduate student of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. The study highlighted the substantia innominata section of the brain. Of the 47 persons who had mild cognitive impairment, 22 developed Alzheimer’s over a six year period. They were found to have significant thinning in three connected areas of the cortex involved in memory, attention, and integration of sensor and motor integration. A second study revealed that the caudate nucleus section of the brain shrunk significantly in elderly persons diagnosed with